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HISTORY OF PAKISTAN |
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 (-1-) Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy..........................Ghulam Muhammad Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy was born on September 8, 1892 into an illustrious Muslim family from Midnapore in West Bengal, India. Suhrawardy's mother was the first Muslim woman to pass the senior Cambridge examination. He graduated with honors in Science from St. Caviares College. In 1913, he obtained masters degree in Arabic from Calcutta University. Suhrawardy received BCL degree from Oxford University and was called to the Bar from Grey's Inn in 1918. In 1920, Suhrawardy married Begum Niaz Fatima. In 1921, he was elected to the Bengal Legislative assembly. For a brief period, he served as secretary, Calcutta Khilafat Committee. In 1923 he was appointed deputy leader of Swaraj party. Next year he was elected deputy mayor of Calcutta. In 1936 he became the General Secretary of the Bengal provincial Muslim League. After the 1937 elections, Suhrawardy was appointed Minister for Labor and Commerce. After serving briefly in the Fazlul Haq's ministry, he joined Khawaja Nazimuddin's ministry in 1943 as Civil Supplies Minister. After the 1946 elections, Suhrawardy formed government in Bengal, the only Muslim League government in the Sub-continent. In 1949, he formed East Pakistan Awami Muslim League, and in 1953 he renamed it as 'Awami League'. Suhrawardy along with A. K. Fazlul Haq and Maulana Bhashani established United Front in 1953 in Dhaka, which won the 1954 general elections. The same year he joined Muhammad Ali Bogra's ministry as Law Minister. However, with the change of government in 1955, Suhrawardy took charge of the leadership of opposition. H. S. Suhrawardy became the fifth Prime Minister of Pakistan on September 12, 1956. During his tenure, he tried to remove economic disparity between the two wings. Suhrawardy resigned from premiership in October 1957, due to president's refusal to convene a meeting of parliament to seek a vote of confidence. Ailing from heart disease for a long time, Suhrawardy succumbed to death on December 5, 1963 Chaudhary Muhammad Ali Chaudhary Muhammad Ali was born on July 15, 1905 at Jullundur. He took his M.Sc. degree in 1927 from the university of Punjab. Ch. Muhammad Ali joined Indian Audit and Accounts Service in 1928 and was deputed as Accountant General to Bahawalpur state in 1932. In 1936, he joined government of India as private secretary to Finance Minister, Sir Grigg. In 1945 he was appointed financial advisor for war and supply, a post never before held by an Indian. During the drafting of the partition plan, Ch. Muhammad Ali was one of the two secretaries to the partition council, presided over by Lord Mountbatten. On the establishment of Pakistan he become secretary general of the new government and played a key role in it's organization. In 1951, he became Finance Minister and in 1955 Prime Minister of the country. Under his leadership the Constituent Assembly adopted the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Khawaja Nazimuddin [1894-1964] Khawaja Nazimuddin was born in July 1894. He was educated at Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College, Aligarh and Cambridge University. He was elected Chairman Dacca Municipality 1922-29 and in 1937 he was appointed as Home Minister. He remained the leader of Muslim League parliamentary party in Bengal legislative assembly from 1942 to 1943. He headed Muslim League Ministry from 1943 to 1945. He also remained member of All India Muslim League working committee from 1937-1947. Khawaja Nazimuddin was Chief Minister of Bengal in 1947. He then succeeded Jinnah as Governor General in September 1948. After Liaquat Ali Khan's assassination, he was appointed Prime Minister of Pakistan - a post he held from 1951 to 1953. Khawaja Nazimuddin died in 1964. Ghulam Muhammad The third Governor General of Pakistan, Ghulam Muhammad was born at Lahore in 1887. He graduated from Aligarh University and joined the Imperial Service. Initially he served in the railway board, during the war he served in the capacity of controller of general supplies and purchase. During the First Round Table Conference, Ghulam Muhammad represented the Nawab of Bhopal. He also served as advisor finance in the state of Hyderabad Deccan. After independence he joined Central Cabinet as Finance Minister. After the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Ghulam Muhammad became Governor-General by replacing Khawaja Nazimuddin. In April 1953, he dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin's cabinet and latter dismissed the constituent Assembly in October 1954 by declaring emergency. (-2-) I. I. Chundrigar ...............................................Yahya Khan
(-3) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ..................................Muhammad Khan Junejo
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(-4-) Ghulam Ishaq Khan ....................................Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari
***************************************************** Ghulam Ishaq Khan [1915] ===================================================== Ghulam Ishaq Khan was born on January 20, 1915 in Ismail Khel, Bannu district of NWFP. He did his graduation in Chemistry and Botany and joined NWFP Civil Service in 1940. After the unification of West Pakistan into one unit in 1955, Ishaq Khan was appointed Provincial Secretary of West Pakistan for Irrigation Development. In this capacity he represented the provincial government in federal planning commission. In 1958, he became Member WAPDA. In 1966, he was appointed Federal Finance Secretary and promoted to Secretary General Defense during Bhutto's term. General Zia appointed him Advisor on Finance and later on as Federal Finance Minister. Ishaq Khan represented his country in various international conferences, which included UN conferences on finance, IMF, OIC and Asian Development Bank. In February 1985, Ishaq Khan was elected Chairman Senate. After the death of General Zia, Ishaq Khan took over as President of the country on August 17, 1988. He was elected President on December 13, 1988 as he was the consensus candidate of PPP and IJI. In 1993, Ghulam Ishaq Khan was forced to resign from his office due to differences with the Prime Minister. During his tenure, Ishaq Khan dismissed the governments of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif, using discretionary powers given to the President of the state under eighth constitutional amendment. ***************************************************** Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ===================================================== Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi was born on August 14, 1931, at New Jatoi, Sind. Eldest of the four brothers, Ghulam Mustafa's father, Khan Bahadur Ghulam Rasul Khan Jatoi was member of the Sind legislative assembly. Ghulam Mustafa was educated at Karachi Grammar School and passed his senior Cambridge. In 1952, he went to England for his bar at law, but had to return home within one year due to his father's serious illness. He was elected to the first Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan in 1958, and was re-elected in 1965. Jatoi joined Pakistan People's Party in March 1969. In 1970, he was elected to the National Assembly on PPP ticket. In 1973, he was elected Chief Minister of the Sind, and held this office till 1977. He was re-elected in March 1977. After the imposition of Martial Law, Jatoi remained associated with the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD). Twice he was arrested in 1983 and 1985. Later, he founded the National People's Party. In 1989, he was elected to the National Assembly in the by-elections from Kot Addu. After joining Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI), Jatoi was elected leader of the combined opposition parties in the National Assembly in 1989. Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi was appointed care-taker Prime Minister in 1990, by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. He relinquished his office after Nawaz Shareef was elected as Prime Minister in the October 1990 elections. He was again elected a Member of the National Assembly as a result of October 1993 elections, but lost his seat in the elections held in February 1997. His two sons, Tariq Jatoi and Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi are also in politics ***************************************************** Benazir Bhutto ===================================================== Benazir Bhutto, the eldest child of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born on June 21, 1953 in Karachi. She attended Lady Jennings Nursery School and then Convent of Jesus and Mary in Karachi. At age ten, she was sent to the Convent of Jesus and Mary at Murree. Four years later, she was sent to Harvard, USA. After graduating from Harvard in 1973, Benazir joined Oxford University in the fall of 1973. Just before graduation, Benazir won presidentship of Oxford Union. After completing her postgraduate studies, she returned home in June 1977. In July 1977, Martial Law was imposed by General Zia-ul-Haq. During the Martial Law, Benazir spent almost five years in detention at various jails and ten months in solitary confinement. After her release in 1984, she went into exile in England for two years. In August 1985, she came back to bury her youngest brother, Shah Nawaz, who had died under mysterious circumstances in Paris. A year later, she came back to fight general Zia in elections. Her return on April 10, 1986, was welcomed by one million people at Lahore airport. After her return, she attended rallies all over Pakistan and kept a close touch with the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD). On December 18, 1987, Benazir married Asif Ali Zardari. She become the youngest Prime Minister at age thirty five and the first Muslim woman to lead a Muslim nation in modern times, after winning 1988 general election. Her government was dismissed by President Ishaq Khan in August 1990. During her first term, she started People's Programme for economic uplift of the masses. SAARC Summit was also held in Islamabad in 1989. Benazir returned to power again, by winning the October 1993 elections, but her government was dismissed by President Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari on corruption charges in November 1996. Her publications include "Daughter of the East" and "Pakistan: The Gathering Storm". ***************************************************** Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari ===================================================== Sardar Farooq was born at D.G. Khan on May 29, 1940. He did his graduation from Aitchison College, Lahore and earned M.A. P.P.E. from Oxford University in 1963. In the same year, he joined the Civil Service of Pakistan, which he left ten years later in 1973, on invitation of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to join the PPP. In 1975, Farooq Leghari was elected Senator. In the 1977 election, he won the National Assembly seat and was appointed Federal Minister for Production. In 1978, he was appointed Secretary General of the PPP and participated in the struggle for the restoration of democracy. He remained Secretary General till 1983 and underwent four years of imprisonment during the Martial Law. Farooq Leghari was elected member of both National and Punjab Assembly in the 1988 elections, and was appointed Federal Minister for Water and Power from December 1989 upto August 1990. In October 1990 elections, he was re-elected member of the National Assembly and became Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Assembly. In the caretaker cabinet in 1993, Farooq Leghari held the portfolio of the Federal Minister for Finance. During this period he presided over the Twenty First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers held in Karachi from 25-29 April, 1993. In the October 1993 general elections, he won the National Assembly seat and was appointed Federal Foreign Minister. Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari was elected President of Pakistan on November 13, 1993 and took oath the same day for a term of five years. In February 1997, Mian Nawaz Sharif, a major political opponent of Mr. Leghari was elected as the Prime Minister. With the passing of the 13th Amendment, a direct collision course with the Prime Minster was set. With the dilution of PPPââs role in the assemblies, chances of s re-election as President in 1998 had also become bleak. On December 2, 1997, Mr. Farooq Leghari resigned as the President of Pakistan. In August 1998, Mr. Leghari formed his own political party called the and heads it to-date. ***************************************************** *****************************************************  (-5-) Malik Meraj Khalid .......................................Gen. Pervez Musharraf ***************************************************** Malik Meraj Khalid ===================================================== Malik Meraj Khalid was born in 1916, in a small village near Lahore. He studied law and began practice in 1948. He was elected to the Provincial Assembly in 1965. He joined the Pakistan Peoples Party soon after its inception in 1968 and was appointed President of Lahore PPP. He was re-elected to the National Assembly in 1970. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto included Meraj Khalid in his cabinet as Minister for Food and Agriculture and Under Developed Areas in December 1971. In November 1972 he was appointed Chief of the Party's Parliamentary Affairs and in 1975 he was given the portfolios of Social Welfare, Local Government and Rural Development. Later he was elected speaker of the National Assembly. After the execution of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, he was nominated member of the PPP central committee. But he resigned from the party's central committee in January 1988. He was again appointed the Speaker of National Assembly in 1988. He lost elections in 1993 and remained aloof from politics for sometime and served as the rector of International Islamic University. He was nominated as head of the interim government in November 1996 and remained in power till February 1997. ***************************************************** Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif [Born 1949] ===================================================== Muhammad Nawaz Sharif was born in Lahore, on December 25, 1949. He is the eldest son of Muhammad Sharif, a joint owner of Ittefaq Group of Industries. Nawaz Sharif did his schooling from St. Anthony''s High School. After graduating from Government College Lahore, he obtained his law degree from the Punjab University. Nawaz Sharif remained member of the Punjab Provincial Council for some time. He joined the Punjab cabinet as Finance Minister in 1981. He was able to raise the allocation of funds in the development of rural areas to seventy percent, out of the annual development program in the province. He also held the portfolio of Sports and was able to reorganize the sports activities in the province. In the general elections of 1985, Nawaz Sharif won with over-whelming majorities, both in the National, and Provincial Assemblies. On April 9, 1985, he was sworn in as Chief Minister of Punjab. On May 31, 1988, he was appointed caretaker Chief Minister, after the dismissal of assemblies by General Zia. Nawaz Sharif was again elected as Chief Minister after the 1988 general elections. A massive uplift of Murree and Kahuta was done during his term as Chief Minister Punjab. On November 6, 1990, Nawaz Sharif was sworn in as the Prime Minister of the country, after his alliance, IJI won the October 24, 1990 elections. However, Nawaz Sharif could not complete his term of five years, and was dismissed by the President in April 1993. He was reinstated by the superior judiciary, but had to resign along with the President in July 1993. During his tenure as the Prime Minister, efforts were made to strengthen the industrial sector with the help of private sector. Projects like Ghazi Brodha, Gawadar Mini port, were initiated. Land was distributed among landless peasants in Sindh. Relations with the Central Asian Muslim republics were strengthened and ECO was given a boast. To end the Afghan crisis, "Islamabad Accord" was reached between various Afghan factions. His most important contribution was economic progress despite American sanctions on Pakistan through Pressler Amendment. Pakistan Muslim League again won the elections held in February 1997, and Mian Nawaz Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an overwhelming majority. Taking advantage of his absolute majority in the National Assembly, he added a landmark in the constitutional history of Pakistan by repealing the controversial 8th Amendment. This 13th Constitutional Amendment stripped the President of his powers, under Article 52(b) of the 8th Amendment, to dismiss the Prime Minister and dissolve the National Assembly. He added another milestone to the constitution when his Parliament adopted the anti-defection 14th Amendment Bill. His development venture of the Lahore-Islamabad motorway has also been appreciated by a segment of society. During his tenure his working relationship with the apex court severed, and his differences with the Chief Justice came out in public. He also developed an uneasy relationship with the President, Farooq Leghari, who had earlier been his major political opponent. With the passing of the 13th Amendment, the President was put on a direct collision course with the Prime Minster. A few months later, this and the dramatic confrontation with the Judiciary, culminated in the removal of the Supreme Court Chief Justice, Sajjad Ali Shah, and on December 2, 1997, the resignation of the President, Mr. Farooq Leghari. On October 12, 1999, the civilian government headed by Mr. Sharif was overthrown by a military coup. The Kargil controversy, corruption charges, and the ‘Plane Conspiracy’ case are considered to be the main reasons for his ouster. After an extensive trial, Mr. Nawaz Sharif was charged and found guilty in the Plane case. On request of the Saudi Royal Family, the government of Pakistan exiled him to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where he now lives with his close family. Several cases of corruption against him are still pending decision in local courts. ***************************************************** Muhammad Rafiq Tarar ===================================================== On January 1,1998, Mr. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, took the oath of office as the ninth President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. He secured an all time high number of votes from an electoral college consisting of total membership of the two houses of the Parliament and the four provincial legislatures. No one before him received such overwhelming support from the elected representatives of the people of Pakistan. Muhammad Rafiq Tarar was born on November 2, 1929, in a middle-class family of village Pirkot in District Gujranwala near Lahore. After graduating from Islamia College, Gujranwala in 1949, Mr. Tarar secured his Law Degree (L.L.B.) from Law College, Lahore, in the year 1951. The same year he was enrolled as a pleader. In October 1955, he was enrolled as an advocate in the Lahore High Court. He established a practice in Gujranwala before rising to the position of Chairman, Punjab Labour Court in 1970. Four years later he entered the High Court and was appointed as Chief Justice of Lahore High Court. Earlier, during his days as Judge of the LHC, he also served as member Pakistan Election Commission. Mr. Justice Muhammad Rafiq Tarar was elevated as the Judge of the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 1991 from which he retired in November 1994 on attaining the age of 65 years. Following his retirement from Judiciary in March 1997, Mr. Tarar moved from a legal to a political career. He was elected as Member, Senate on PML (N) ticket. On December 31,1997, he was elected as the President of Pakistan. His appointment as the President is widely attributed to his close ties with the family of the then Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mian M. Nawaz Sharif. On June 20, 2001, by virtue of a Provisional Constitutional Order, he was replaced by Gen. Pervez Musharraf, who himself became the President. Mr. Tarar fondly recounts his light moments, mostly relating to his role as a volunteer in relief camps set up by Muslim Students Federation for refugees from the riot-torn India to Pakistan in 1947. Mr. Tarar has a passion for poetry and literature. He has a deep insight into classic Persian Literature. He is married and has four children, three sons and one daughter. ***************************************************** Gen. Pervez Musharraf ===================================================== General Pervez Musharraf, the second of three brothers was born in Dehli on August 11,1943. He spent his early childhood in Turkey (1949-1956) owing to his deputation in Ankara. On return to Pakistan, he received his education from Saint High School, Karachi and Forman Christian College, Lahore. Later in 1961, he joined the Pakistan Military Academy and was commissioned in Artillery Regiment in 1964. He fought in the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965 as a young officer, and was awarded Imtiazi Sanad for gallantry. He volunteered to be a , and remained in the Special Services Group for seven years. He also participated in the Indo-Pak War of 1971 as a Company Commander in the Commando Battalion. A graduate of Command & Staff College, and National Defense College, General Musharraf also distinguished himself at the Royal College of Defense Studies, United Kingdom. During his military career, General Musharraf has accumulated varied experience in different command and instructional appointments. He also served as Director General Military Operations at the General Headquarters from 1993 to 1995. General Musharraf rose to the rank of General on October 7, 1998 and was appointed Chief of the Army Staff. He was given additional charge of Chairman Joint Chiefs Staff Committee on April 9, 1999. Since October 12, 1999, when the military took over the government in Pakistan, he has been performing duties as the Chief Executive of the country. He continues to hold the office of Chief of Army Staff and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. General Pervez Musharraf, assumed the office of President of Pakistan for an indefinite period on June 20, 2001. General Musharraf got married in 1968 and has two children, a son and a daughter. ***************************************************** ***************************************************** ***************************************************** 
(((((((((USMAN GHANI SLATCH)))))))))) |
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